December marks the beginning of the summer holiday season in Southern Africa and, in many parts of the region, the start of the rainy season. While warmer weather and increasing rainfall bring greener landscapes and improved wildlife-viewing conditions, they also create more favourable breeding conditions for mosquitoes.
For travellers visiting Southern Africa in December 2026,
malaria remains an important health consideration, particularly when travelling to low-lying areas, national parks and game reserves in malaria-risk regions. The risk varies considerably between countries and even between different parts of the same country.
Travellers planning a safari, a self-drive holiday or a visit to the region's more remote destinations should check the malaria situation for their specific itinerary before departure and discuss appropriate preventive measures with a
travel-health professional.
Malaria risk areas in Southern Africa
South Africa
Malaria risk in
South Africa is concentrated in the north-east of the country, particularly in low-altitude areas of Limpopo and Mpumalanga. The main transmission season generally runs from September to May, with cases typically peaking in January and February.
The main areas of concern for travellers in December include:
- Kruger National Park: Malaria is a significant consideration throughout the park, including its rest camps and surrounding areas.
- Mpumalanga: Risk occurs in low-lying areas of the Lowveld, particularly along the borders with Mozambique and Eswatini.
- Limpopo: Risk is concentrated in the lower-altitude areas, particularly those bordering Mozambique and Zimbabwe.
- KwaZulu-Natal: The far north-east of the province, particularly parts of the uMkhanyakude District, has a malaria risk. Some other designated areas have a lower risk.
December falls within
South Africa's main malaria transmission season. Travellers visiting
Kruger National Park and other affected areas should seek advice about antimalarial medication before departure.
There is no malaria transmission in most of
South Africa, including Cape Town, Johannesburg, Pretoria and the Garden Route.
Mozambique
Malaria is a significant health risk throughout
Mozambique. Unlike some neighbouring countries, where transmission is restricted to particular geographical areas, malaria occurs across the country, including coastal destinations and urban areas.
Popular destinations where travellers should take precautions include:
- Maputo and its surroundings
- The southern beaches, including Ponta do Ouro and Ponta Malongane
- Vilankulo and the Bazaruto Archipelago
- Gorongosa National Park
- The coastal areas of Inhambane, Zambezia and Nampula
- Northern Mozambique, including the areas around Pemba
December falls within
Mozambique's rainy season. Although the 2026/27 regional climate outlook favours below-normal rainfall across much of the country, local rainfall and mosquito activity can vary considerably.
Travellers should consider antimalarial medication and consistently follow mosquito-bite prevention measures throughout their stay.
Zimbabwe
Malaria risk in
Zimbabwe varies according to altitude and geographical location. Low-lying areas are particularly affected, and December falls within the main transmission season.
Important malaria-risk destinations include:
- Victoria Falls: The town and surrounding areas, including Zambezi National Park.
- Hwange National Park: Malaria is a consideration throughout the park.
- Zambezi Valley: Including Mana Pools National Park and the Lake Kariba area.
- Gonarezhou National Park: Particularly the south-eastern Lowveld.
- Other low-altitude areas, particularly those below approximately 1,200 metres.
The Zambezi Valley has a malaria risk throughout the year, while other areas below 1,200 metres are generally considered higher risk between November and June.
Harare and Bulawayo have a very low malaria risk. However, travellers combining city visits with safaris or trips to
Victoria Falls should consider their entire itinerary when seeking medical advice.
Antimalarial medication is recommended for travellers visiting high-risk areas, subject to individual medical assessment.
Zambia
Malaria is widespread throughout
Zambia, and travellers should regard the country as a high-risk malaria destination in December.
Popular tourist destinations requiring particular attention include:
- Livingstone and the Zambian side of Victoria Falls
- South Luangwa National Park
- Lower Zambezi National Park
- Kafue National Park
- Lake Kariba and other lower-altitude areas
December coincides with the rainy season in much of Zambia, although rainfall patterns can vary between regions. Mosquito-bite prevention is important throughout the country.
Antimalarial medication is generally recommended for travellers to Zambia. The appropriate medication should be determined during a pre-travel consultation.
Botswana
Malaria risk in
Botswana is strongly seasonal and geographically concentrated in the northern part of the country.
The main risk areas include:
- Okavango Delta: Including its islands, waterways and surrounding wilderness areas.
- Moremi Game Reserve: A popular safari destination in the north-west.
- Chobe National Park: Particularly the Chobe Riverfront.
- Okavango Panhandle: Including the areas around Shakawe and the northern river systems.
The northern half of
Botswana is considered a high-risk malaria area from October to May. December therefore falls within the main transmission season.
The risk is considerably lower in southern
Botswana, including much of the Kalahari and the areas around Gaborone. Nevertheless, travellers should still take appropriate precautions against mosquito bites.
Antimalarial medication is recommended for travellers visiting the northern half of
Botswana during the high-risk season.
Namibia
Malaria risk in
Namibia is concentrated in the north and north-east, with the affected areas expanding during the rainy season.
For December 2026, travellers should pay particular attention to the following regions:
- Kavango East and Kavango West: High malaria risk throughout the year.
- Zambezi Region: Including the former Caprivi Strip, with year-round malaria risk.
- Kunene, Omusati, Oshana, Ohangwena and Oshikoto: High malaria risk from December to April.
- Omaheke and Otjozondjupa: Also classified as high-risk areas from December to April.
This seasonal distinction is particularly relevant for travellers visiting
Etosha National Park. Parts of the surrounding northern regions fall within the seasonal malaria-risk zone, so the exact route and locations visited should be considered when assessing the risk.
Windhoek, the central highlands and most of southern
Namibia, including the main areas of the Namib Desert, have a very low malaria risk.
Travellers visiting the northern and north-eastern regions should discuss antimalarial medication with a travel-health professional before departure.
Eswatini
Malaria risk in
Eswatini is seasonal and concentrated in the northern and eastern parts of the country, particularly areas bordering Mozambique and South Africa.
The main risk areas include:
- The entire Lubombo District
- The eastern parts of Hhohho District
- The eastern parts of Manzini District
- The eastern parts of Shiselweni District
The malaria transmission season generally runs from November to May, making December a relevant period for travellers visiting these areas.
Mbabane District has no recognised malaria risk, while the remainder of the country is generally classified as having a very low risk.
Travellers visiting the eastern lowlands and border areas should seek individual advice about malaria prevention and whether antimalarial medication is appropriate.
Malawi
Malaria is a high risk throughout
Malawi, including the country's main tourist destinations.
Travellers should take precautions when visiting:
- Lilongwe and Blantyre
- Lake Malawi and its lakeside resorts
- Liwonde National Park
- Majete Wildlife Reserve
- Nyika National Park and other rural destinations
December falls within
Malawi's rainy season, which can favour mosquito breeding and increase the potential for malaria transmission.
Antimalarial medication is generally recommended for travellers to
Malawi, alongside consistent mosquito-bite prevention measures.
Lesotho
Unlike most of its neighbours,
Lesotho is generally considered malaria-free. The country's high altitude and cooler climate mean that malaria transmission is not an established travel-health concern.
Travellers visiting Maseru, the Maloti Mountains, Sani Pass and the country's highland areas do not normally require antimalarial medication specifically for Lesotho.
However, visitors combining a trip to
Lesotho with destinations in neighbouring South Africa or other malaria-risk countries should assess the entire itinerary before departure.
Angola
Malaria is a significant health risk throughout
Angola, including Luanda and other urban areas.
Unlike destinations where malaria risk is restricted to particular regions or seasons, travellers to
Angola should take precautions throughout the country.
December falls within the rainy season in much of
Angola, potentially creating favourable conditions for mosquito breeding.
Antimalarial medication is generally recommended for travellers visiting
Angola. A travel-health professional can advise on the appropriate medication based on the itinerary and individual medical circumstances.
Why December matters for malaria awareness
December is an important month for malaria awareness in Southern Africa because it coincides with the summer rainy season and the main malaria transmission period in several popular travel destinations.
Warmer temperatures and rainfall can create favourable conditions for mosquito breeding. However, the relationship between rainfall and malaria transmission is not straightforward. Local temperatures, altitude, mosquito populations, water availability and malaria-control programmes all influence the level of risk.
The
regional climate outlook for the 2026/27 rainy season, released by the SADC Climate Services Centre in August 2026, forecasts a greater likelihood of below-normal rainfall across much of central and southern Southern Africa. Wetter conditions are favoured in parts of the north and north-east. This does not mean that malaria risk will necessarily be lower in areas expecting less rainfall: established transmission areas remain relevant even during comparatively dry periods.
For travellers, December is particularly important for several reasons:
- The transmission season is underway: South Africa, Botswana, Zimbabwe, Namibia and Eswatini enter or continue their main seasonal malaria periods.
- Safari destinations require attention: Kruger National Park, the Okavango Delta, Chobe National Park, Hwange National Park, Victoria Falls, Etosha National Park and South Luangwa are among the destinations where travellers should consider malaria prevention.
- Cross-border itineraries complicate risk assessments: A self-drive holiday through South Africa, Eswatini, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Botswana may involve several different malaria-risk zones.
- Urban destinations are not automatically malaria-free: This is particularly relevant in Mozambique, Malawi and Angola, where malaria transmission also occurs in urban areas.
Travellers should not assume that a short stay, luxury accommodation or a safari lodge with screened rooms eliminates the risk. The most appropriate preventive measures depend on the destination, duration of travel and individual health circumstances.
Malaria prevention tips for travellers
Malaria is preventable, but no single precaution provides complete protection. Travellers visiting malaria-risk areas in December should combine mosquito-bite prevention with appropriate medical advice.
1. Arrange a travel-health consultation before departure
Speak to a travel-health professional several weeks before travelling to Southern Africa. This is particularly important if your itinerary includes multiple countries, remote safari destinations or areas with a high malaria risk.
Depending on your destinations and personal circumstances, prescription antimalarial medication may be recommended. Common options include atovaquone/proguanil, doxycycline and mefloquine. The appropriate choice depends on factors such as your medical history, age, pregnancy status, other medication and the specific destinations on your itinerary.
2. Use an effective mosquito repellent
Apply an insect repellent containing an effective active ingredient such as DEET or icaridin (picaridin). Follow the manufacturer's instructions and reapply as directed, particularly after sweating or swimming.
If you are using sunscreen, apply it before the insect repellent.
3. Cover exposed skin, particularly in the evening
Malaria-transmitting Anopheles mosquitoes are generally most active between dusk and dawn.
Wear long-sleeved shirts, long trousers and socks during the evening and night, particularly when spending time outdoors at safari lodges, campsites and lakeside accommodation.
Lightweight clothing is usually more comfortable in Southern Africa's warm December weather.
4. Choose accommodation with effective mosquito protection
Air-conditioned rooms and accommodation with intact window and door screens can help reduce exposure to mosquitoes.
If you are staying in a tent or a room without adequate screening, use a properly fitted mosquito net, preferably one treated with insecticide.
5. Take prescribed antimalarial medication correctly
If antimalarial medication has been recommended, follow the prescribed schedule before, during and after your trip. Different medications have different starting and stopping requirements.
Remember that antimalarial medication reduces the risk of infection but does not provide complete protection. Continue using mosquito repellents and other bite-prevention measures throughout your stay.
6. Know the symptoms and seek medical attention promptly
Malaria symptoms can include:
- Fever and chills
- Headache
- Muscle aches and fatigue
- Nausea and vomiting
- General flu-like symptoms
Symptoms can develop after returning home, sometimes weeks or even months after exposure.
Anyone developing a fever during or after visiting a malaria-risk area should seek urgent medical assessment and explicitly mention their travel history. Do not assume that you are protected because you took antimalarial medication.
Malaria, particularly Plasmodium falciparum malaria, can become life-threatening if diagnosis and treatment are delayed. Early medical attention is essential.
Bottom line
December is an important month for malaria prevention in Southern Africa, particularly for travellers visiting safari destinations and low-lying areas in the region. While malaria risk varies considerably between countries and individual destinations, travellers should not underestimate the importance of preventive measures during the summer months.
Check the malaria recommendations for every destination on your itinerary, consult a travel-health professional before departure and combine any prescribed antimalarial medication with consistent mosquito-bite prevention.
Disclaimer: This article provides general travel-health information and is not a substitute for personalised medical advice. Malaria recommendations can change and depend on the destination, duration of travel, age, medical history and individual circumstances. Always consult a qualified travel-health professional before travelling to a malaria-risk area.
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